M3LBM · Micro-scale multiphase modelling of the microporous and gas diffusion layer using Lattice Boltzmann Method for Fuel Cells

Despite being a promising clean energy alternative to fossil fuels, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) suffer from significant energy losses as waste heat. Furthermore, the electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell produce water, which can accumulate in the microporous layer and gas diffusion layer (MPL-GDL). Inadequate heat and water management can lead to severe performance issues in PEMFCs, including membrane dehydration, ohmic losses, material degradation, and electrode flooding.Existing research often treats water transport and heat transfer separately, neglecting the complex interplay between these factors. Moreover, the gas flow within the porous MPL-GDL approaches the slip regime, where gas rarefaction effects become significant and traditional assumptions about velocity at the solid boundary no longer hold. This has a substantial impact on the multiphase thermal flow phenomena within the MPL-GDL.To gain a deeper understanding of these phenomena and develop strategies for improved PEMFC performance, this study proposes a comprehensive numerical investigation using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). LBM’s kinetic and particle-based approach has proven effective for modeling a wide range of complex fluid flows, including multiphase, nanofluid, magnetohydrodynamic, and complex flows at mesoscopic levels. By incorporating both flow and heat transfer, along with the consideration of gas rarefaction effects, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the behavior of the porous MPL-GDL and inform the design of enhanced materials and structures.