BANG · The Mysterious Bang: A Language and Population Isolate Unlocks the Secrets of Interior West Africa's Lost Ethnolinguistic Diversity

Species are often the most diverse at their origins, and all modern humans can trace their origins back to Africa. Our ability to communicate through language defines us; every human being speaks (or signs) at least one language. We may never know when our current forms of language were first spoken, or what speakers sounded like, but we can be assured that primordial languages were spoken in Africa. Yet, a paradox presents itself with respect to the apparent lack of linguistic heterogeneity in Africa: the languages comprise only four of the worlds more than 150 families. Isolates, languages with no known living relatives, represent the missing links between todays homogeneity and the pasts diversity.Bangime may represent the only confirmed language isolate spoken today in interior West Africa. Its speakers, the Bangande, have resisted genetic admixture with neighboring populations for upwards of 9.000 years. The root of their eponym [BANG], means hidden or secret in surrounding Dogon languages whose linguistic and genetic ancestors are almost as mysterious.ERC-BANG will search for evidence of contact or inheritance between Bangime and a hitherto unexplored set of West African languages and populations using computationally-supported methods. Our research team will conduct an in-depth study of culturally significant and historically relevant loan words, so that a statistician can incorporate these findings into stochastic models of language diffusion. A geneticist will process the entire Bangande genome to compare with West African populations from a wider range than thus far considered. Together, we will perform a character-based Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Dogon languages to estimate the time depth of the group in order to test settlement hypotheses and proposed migration patterns. Completion of this project will uncover traces of vanished ethnolinguistic varieties in West Africa, and our methods can be replicated to solve similar questions.